Notes takes for complexity module of CSCB63 course at UTSC.

## Ordered Dictionary

Finite map from keys to values, assume keys are comparable.

Some operations supported:

• insert(k, v)
• lookup(k)
• delete(k)

Ordered set is the same, just with no values, only keys.

If we implement this using a binary tree, lookup can be very slow if we insert all data within sorted order. We will learn how to improve this.

## Hashed Dictionary / Table

Finite map from keys to values, assume keys can be hashed.

Same operations as ordered dictionaries.

Hashed set is the same, just with no values, only keys.

Hash table is an array of size $L$, put key $k$ in $A[h(k) \% L]$

We will learn how to choose the hash function, and what to do if there is a collision.

## Priority Queue

Collection of priority-job pairs, priority is comparable.

Operations supported:

• insert(p, j)
• max()
• extract-max()
• increase-priority(j, k)

Using heap to implement this can be super fast and easy.

## Graph

Includes vertices and edges.

Will learn how to compute reachability, cycles, connected components, and spanning tree/forest.

## Disjoint Sets

Collection of disjoint sets.

Operations supported:

• make-set(x)
• union(S, S’)
• find(x)

If we implement this using trees, amortized time can be almost constant.

## Amortized Time Analysis

Some operations might be slow in the worst case, but rarely happens. We might not be interesting in only the worst case.

$at = \frac{\text{total time of calls}}{\# calls}$

## Useful Manipulations

$log_b(x) = log_b(a) * log_a(x)$

$lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{2^{3n}}{2^n} = lim_{n \to \infty} {2^{2n}} = \infty$

## Complexity Table

in Big O of $ln(n)$ lg_2(n) lg_2(n^2) (lg_2(n))^2 n n lg_2 n 2^n 2^{3n}
ln(n) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
log(n) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
log(n^2) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
(lg_2(n))^2 N N N Y Y Y Y Y
n N N N N Y Y Y Y
n log n N N N N N Y Y Y
2^n N N N N N N Y Y
2^{3n} N N N N N N N Y

## Complexity Proofs

### Prove $n \in O(n lg n)$

$\exists n_0, \exists c, \forall n, n \geq n_0 \implies f(n) \leq c \cdot g(n)$

$n \leq 1n$

$n \leq n \cdot log(n), n \geq 2$

$n \leq c \cdot n \cdot log(n)$

Therefore we have c = 1, and n_0 = 2.

### Prove $n log(n) \notin O(n)$

Assume for a contradiction that $nlog(n) \in O(n)$, so

$\exists c, \exists n_0, \forall n, n \geq n_0 \implies nlog(n) \leq c \cdot n$.

$log(n) \leq c$ $n \leq 2^c$

Suppose $n > 2^c$, then $n \geq n_0 \implies n \leq 2^c$. Which is a contradiction.

### Prove $6n^5 + n^2 - n^3 \in \Theta(n^5)$

First prove $6n^5 + n^2 - n^3 \in O(n^5)$

$\exists n_0, \exists c, \forall n, n \geq n_0 \implies f(n) \leq c \cdot g(n)$

$6n^5 + n^2 - n^3 \leq 6n^5 + n^2 \leq 6n^5 + n^5 \leq 7n^5$

Let c = 7, and n = 1.

Then prove $6n^5 + n^2 - n^3 \in \Omega(n^5)$

$\exists n_0, \exists c, \forall n, n \geq n_0 \implies f(n) \geq c \cdot g(n)$

$6n^5 + n^2 - n^3 \geq 6n^5 - n^3 \geq 5n^5$

Let c = 5, and n != 1.

### Prove $3n^2 - 4n \in \Omega(n^2)$

$3n^2 - 4n \geq bn^2$

$3n - 4 \geq bn$

$3n - bn \geq 4$

$n(3-b) \geq 4$

$n \geq \frac{4}{3-b}$